Why is Punjab in turmoil?

By Zubair Ahmed BBC News

Krishna Bhagwan Singh's family and neighbours are mourning.

On 14 October Singh, a father of three children, and another man were killed when the police opened fire on a demonstration against the alleged desecration of the Sikh holy book, Sri Guru Granth Sahib, in Bargari village in India's northern state of Punjab.
His ageing father looked an emotional wreck but gathered enough strength to declare that "his son was martyred in the cause of Sikh dharma (faith)".
In what seemed like a deliberate act of provocation, torn-up copies of the holy book were also found outside six other Sikh shrines.
This sparked widespread protests - demonstrations, road blocks and sit-ins - by several agitated Sikh groups in the state.

The Sikhs were already angry at the pardon granted to a popular leader of a local group, Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, who has been accused of insulting one of the most revered Sikh gurus.

                           

Image caption Many Sikhs were angry at the pardon granted to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh

Many Sikhs had wanted an apology from Mr Singh - who had appeared in an advert dressed as the Guru Gobind Singh, the last of the 10 Sikh gurus.
The matter had been dragging in the courts. But suddenly in September the highest seat of Sikh religious authority, the Akal Takht, pardoned him.
Sikhs living in Punjab and abroad accused the five-member Akal Takht of betrayal. The authority later withdrew the pardon but by then the damage was done.
But prominent Sikhs believe the real reasons for the rising anger in the community lie elsewhere.
Karanjit Kaur is a member of the Shrimoni Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) which looks after the affairs of Sikh temples.

Image caption Many say Sikhs are "disillusioned" with the ruling government

Image caption Security is tight in Punjab after the recent violent incidents

Image caption Protesters have blocked national highways in Punjab

She says Sikh passions may have been inflamed by recent incidents but they are actually a manifestation of deep-rooted "disillusionment with the ruling state government run by the regional Akali Dal party and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)".
She claims the government stands discredited among the Sikh community because of its "failures" on "economic and social fronts".
Punjab is primarily an agrarian society, but its farmers are suffering.
Prices of seed and manure have shot up. Farms are becoming smaller and prices of farm produce have plummeted.
In fact, farmers who grow cotton, sugarcane and rice have been holding organised protests for the last two months.
Struggling farmers are taking their lives.
Farmer Balwinder Singh, who lived near Amritsar, committed suicide last month after he failed to get a good price for his paddy. He was the family's only breadwinner.
His teenage son Lovepreet Singh says he will not join his father's occupation after he completes his studies because "farming is a loss-making proposition today".

Image caption Lovepreet Singh does not plan to follow his late father into farming

Punjab was once the second most prosperous state in India - today it is a laggard, having fallen behind 10 other states in terms of per capita income. Unemployment is rife, and the state is battling an epidemic of drug abuse among its young.
Also Sikh religious bodies, such as the SGPC and Akal Takht, are often accused of getting mired in politics.
Followers blame the ruling government for interfering in the affairs of these bodies. Many Sikhs believe that the pardon to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh was done apparently at the behest of the government, a charge it vehemently denies.

Image caption Is there a power struggle between the Akali Dal party and the Sikh diaspora?

Others say a looming crisis in Sikh religious institutions is at the heart of the current crisis.
"The SGPC is doing the government's bidding and our biggest problem is the Akal Takht which has swung to the ruling Akali Dal," says Kewal Singh, a local religious leader.
Some also see the conflict as a "power struggle" between the Akali Dal political party on the one hand and the influential Sikh diaspora on the other.
Interestingly the state government has claimed that a "foreign hand" - apparently pointing to the community diaspora - was behind the desecration of the holy book.
Claims and counter-claims have only helped deepen the crisis within the Sikh bodies. And the cries for reform are getting louder.
Clearly, Punjab needs to reform its politics, its economy and its religious institutions to revive what was once one of India's leading states.